Jee Young Kim (2004) Social structure in the mid 1990s

‘[I]n the mid 1990s, northern Vietnamese society had an occupational hierarchy roughly in the order of state-sector jobs, off-farm self-employment, and private farmers. A small occupational elite in jobs such as administrations (0.7 per cent) and professionals (3.5 per cent) and a middle tier of relatively better-off workers (24.8 per cent) existed alongside the vast majority of the population at the bottom of the hierarchy, who worked as farmers (71 per cent).’

Jee Young Kim (2004) Political capital, human capital, and intergenerational occupational mobility in Northern Vietnam Link