Three industry groups dominate the water pollution index top
30 rankings. They relate to (a) paper and wood products, (b)
chemicals and (c) metal processing. The first group includes
corrugated paper and paperboard, particle board and
plywood, and pulp processing. Soap, detergents, cleaning
and polishing preparations, perfumes and toiletries are added
to the other more dominant chemical categories including
agro-chemical products and medical chemicals. The
processing, treatment and fabrication of iron and steel and
non-ferrous products, in addition to general mechanical
engineering, appears consistently high in all three indexes,
but especially for water and land. A broader group of food
processing industries appear in the top 30 of the water
pollution index rankings including the 48 sugar refineries and
factories in Vietnam, processing and preserving of fruit and
vegetables and “other food products” category that covers
production of coffee products, packing of tea, manufacture of
soups and broths, spices, sauces and condiments, and
frozen meat and poultry dishes. As for the other indexes, fish
processing is prominent.
The top 10 provinces stand out with high loads in the 4 types
of water pollutants [TSS - total suspended solids; BOD - biological oxygen demand; metals to water; chemicals to water]covered in the index (Table 2.4). Other
provinces have a more variable profile. Ninh Binh for example,
which is ranked 30th on the water pollution index, is very high
for TSS but relatively low for the other water pollution
parameters. Analyzing that province further, two dominant
industries from a pollution standpoint are VSIC-4 categories
basic iron and steel and casting of iron and steel. Those two
sectors are responsible for 93 percent of TSS releases in Ninh
Binh Province. Binh Dinh Province, which ranks 15th on the
water pollution index, ranks high for BOD but has only a
moderate ranking for the other water pollution parameters.
The reason for this profile is clear. Binh Dinh is a center for
paper and paperboard production, a sector ranked highest
nationally for BOD pollution.
Da Nang and Binh Dinh contribute most
water pollutants in the Central Economic Focal Region (59
percent of BOD, 68.3 percent of TSS, 63 percent of chemicals,
and 70.3 percent of metals). Da Nang alone accounts for
54.4 percent of all emissions of TSS. In terms of contribution
by industrial sectors in the Central Economic Focal Region,
the fertilizer and nitrogen compounds sector accounts for
26.1 percent and 21.7 percent of chemical and metal
releases, respectively. The corrugated paper and paperboard
sector releases 31.8 percent of BOD, and the basic iron and
steel sector contributes 33.4 percent of TSS in the region.
Those three sectors together have only 53 enterprises of the
total in the Central Economic Focal Region.
World Bank (2008) Review and Analysis of the Pollution Impacts from Vietnamese Manufacturing Sectors
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